The release of Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain on the PC is relatively polished, especially in comparison to a lot of other multiplatform releases. However, that doesn't mean the game is without bugs.
A small minority of players are experiencing a C++ Runtime Error when starting the game. This bug seems to be affecting only owners of Nvidia graphics cards.
If you have the latest drivers (version 355) installed, you'll need to revert back to version 353. Go to the official Nvidia website and insert your graphics card details. Download the older drivers and overwrite your existing drivers with them.
That should work.
The credit for finding this fix goes to members of the Steam community forum for the game.